Which formula is used to calculate the market risk premium?

The market risk premium represents the additional return that investors expect for taking on the risk of investing in the stock market over a risk-free rate, such as the return on government bonds. The correct formula to calculate the market risk premium is derived from the difference between the expected or average market return and the risk-free rate of return.

Using the average market return (which reflects the returns of a broad index like the S&P 500) minus the risk-free rate (typically the yield on government securities like treasury bonds) provides the market risk premium. This calculation gives investors an indication of the excess return they can expect from investing in the equity market compared to a risk-free investment, thereby highlighting the additional risk they are assuming.

This understanding is key because investors use the market risk premium to help determine the required rate of return on equity investments. By quantifying the risk premium, it becomes easier to evaluate whether potential investments offer returns that justify their associated risks.